Hôm nay chúng ta sẽ đến với Bài số 49 – Từ vựng tiếng Nhật Minna No Nihongo + Giải thích ngữ pháp.
Trong bảng từ vựng bên dưới có chữ Hiragana, katakana và Kanji và diễn giải bằng tiếng Anh. Nếu bạn nào chưa biết các bảng chữ cái trong tiếng Nhật thì có thể xem lại tại đây: Tổng hợp các bảng chữ cái trong tiếng Nhật
Trong bài học, ngoài từ vựng còn có phần giải thích ngữ pháp rất cặn kẽ. Tuy nhiên, một điều lưu ý là bài học được thiết kế dành cho các bạn có nền tảng kiến thức tiếng Anh tốt. Nếu bạn nào không tự tin, có thể sử dụng ứng dụng Google Translate để dịch thành tiếng Việt nhé!
- Có thể bạn quan tâm: Khóa học tiếng Nhật luyện thi chứng chỉ JLPT từ N5 – N3 tại Ngoại ngữ TẦM NHÌN VIÊT
# Bảng từ vựng tiếng Nhật Minna No Nihong
| NO | WORD | KANJI | MEANING |
| 1 | つとめます[かいしゃに～] | 勤めます[会社に～] | work (for a company) |
| 2 | やすみます | 休みます | go to bed, sleep |
| 3 | かけます[いすに～] | 掛けます | sit on (a chair) |
| 4 | すごします | 過ごします | spend (time), pass (time) |
| 5 | よります[ぎんこうに～] | 寄ります[銀行に～] | drop into (a bank) |
| 6 | いらっしゃいます | be, go, come (respectful equivalent of います, いきますandきます) | |
| 7 | めしあがります | 召し上がります | eat, drink (respectful equivalent of たべますand のみます) |
| 8 | おっしゃいます | say (respectful equivalent of いいます) | |
| 9 | なさいます | do (respectful equivalent of します) | |
| 10 | ごらんになります | ご覧になります | see, look at (respectful equivalent of みます) |
| 11 | ごぞんじです | ご存じです | know (respectful equivalent of しっています) |
| 12 | あいさつ[～をします] | greeting, address (greet, give an address) | |
| 13 | はいざら | 灰皿 | ashtray |
| 14 | りょかん | 旅館 | Japanese-style hotel or inn |
| 15 | かいじょう | 会場 | meeting place, hall |
| 16 | バスてい | バス停 | bus stop |
| 17 | ぼうえき | 貿易 | trade |
| 18 | ～さま | ～様 | (respectful equivalent of ～さん) |
| 19 | かえりに | 帰りに | on the way back |
| 20 | たまに | once in a while | |
| 21 | ちょっとも | not at all (used with negatives) | |
| 22 | えんりょなく | 遠慮なく | without reserve, without hesitation |
| 23 | ～ねん～くみ | ～年～組 | class ~ of ~ th grade |
| 24 | では | well, then (polite equivalent of じゃ) | |
| 25 | だします[ねつを～] | 出します[熱を～] | run (a fever) |
| 26 | よろしくおつたえください | よろしくお伝えください | Give my best regards / Please say hello |
| 27 | しつれいいたします | 失礼いたします | Good-bye (humble equivalent ofしつれいします ) |
| 28 | ひまわりしょうがっこう | ひまわり小学校 | fictitious elementary school |
| 29 | こうし | 講師 | lecturer |
| 30 | おおくの～ | 多くの～ | many ~, much ~ |
| 31 | さくひん | 作品 | work (of art, etc.) |
| 32 | じゅしょうします | 受賞します | be awarded a prize |
| 33 | せかいてきに | 世界的に | world-wide |
| 34 | さっか | 作家 | novelist, writer |
| 35 | ～でいらっしゃいます | be (respectful equivalent of です) | |
| 36 | ちょうなん | 長男 | one’s eldest son |
| 37 | しょうがい | 障害 | handicap, defect |
| 38 | おもちです | お持ちです | have (equivalent way of saying もっています) |
| 39 | さっきょく | 作曲 | composition (music) |
| 40 | かつどう | 活動 | activity |
| 41 | それでは | well, so (indicating an end or beginning) | |
| 42 | おおえけんざぶろう | 大江健三郎 | Japanese novelist (1935 – ) |
| 43 | とうきょうだいがく | 東京大学 | Tokyo University |
| 44 | ノーベルぶんがくしょう | ノーベル文学賞 | Nobel Prize for literature |
# Giải thích một số ngữ pháp tiếng Nhật trong bài học
1. 敬語 (honorific expressions)
You learnけいご in Lesson 49 and 50, けいごare expressions used to show the speaker’s respect for the listener or the person being referred to. The speaker is expected to show respect depending on his/her relationship with the listener or the person being referred to. There are the following three factors that should be considered in deciding the use of けいご: (1) When the speaker is junior or lower in social status, he/she uses けいごto show respect to the person senior or higher in social status. (2) When the speaker does not have a close acquaintanceship with the listener, as is typical when the speaker first meets the listener, he/she uses けいごto show respect to the listener. (3) The うち – そとrelationship should be also be taken into consideration with regard to the use of けいご. The speaker’s group such as his/her family and company, etc., are considered as うち, and other groups are considered as そと. When the speaker talks about うちのひと (an insider) toそとのひと (an outsider), the insider is treated like the speaker himself/herself. Therefore, even if the insider is senior or higher in status, the speaker cannot use けいごin the way that shows respect to the insider.
2. Types of 敬語
けいごare classified into three types: そんけいご (respectful expressions), けんじょうご(humble expressions) and ていねいご (polite expressions). Lesson 49 deals with そんけいご.
3. 尊敬語 (respectful expressions)
そんけいごare expressions used to describe the listener or the person referred to, as well as things connected with him/her and his/her actions.
1) Verbs
(1) Respectful verbs
The same verbs used in the passive are used as respectful verb. They are Group II verbs.
中村さんは７時に来られます。
Mr. Nakamura is coming at seven.
お酒をやめられたんですか。
Have you given up drinking?
(2) おVます-form になります
This pattern is considered politer than the respectful verbs mentioned above. Verbs whose ます-form consist of one mora (みます, ねます, etc.) and Group III verbs cannot be used in this pattern. As for the verbs which have special equivalent (see (3) below), note that the special equivalents rather than this pattern are used.
社長はもうお帰りになりました。
The president has already left for home.
(3) Special respectful words
Some verbs have special respectful equivalents. They are considered to show the same level of respect as (2) above.
ワット先生は研究室にいらっしゃいます。
Professor Watt is in the office.
どうぞ召し上がってください。
Please help yourselves.
[Note] いらっしゃいます, なさいます, くださいますand おっしゃいますare Group I verbs, but except for ます-form, they change their form in the ら-row when they conjugate.
ワット先生はテニスをなさいますか。
いいえ、なさらないと思います。
Does professor Watt play tennis?
No, I don’t think so.
(4) おVます-form ください
This is the respectful way of instructing or inviting someone to do something.
あちらからお入りください。
Please enter from over there.
[Note] The special words you learned in (3) above cannot be used in this pattern. The exceptions are めしあがりますand ごらんになります, which are changed to おめしあがりください (Please help yourself) and ごらんください (Please have a look at it) respectively.
2) Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
In addition to verbs, some nouns, adjectives and adverbs can be turned intoそんけいご by attaching おorご to the front of the word. The choice betweenお andご depends on the word. Basically お is attached to words of Japanese origin, whileご is attached to words of Chinese origin.
Examples of words to which おis attached:
(N) お国、お名前、お仕事
(な-adj) お元気、お上手、お暇
(い-adj) お忙しい、お若い
Examples of words to whichご is attached:
(N) ご家族、ご意見、ご旅行
(な-adj) ご熱心、ご親切
(adverb) ご自由に
4. 敬語 and style of sentence
A sentence can end with a plain form of けいご , which makes the sentence a plain style sentence. This kind of sentence appears on occasions such as when the speaker is talking with a close friend about a person to whom the speaker wishes to show respect.
部長は何時にいらっしゃる。
What time will the department manager come?
5. Uniform level of 敬語 in a sentence
In honorific expressions, replacing some of the words in a sentence with けいごdoes not suffice. It is necessary to keep a uniform level of けいごthroughout the entire sentence.
部長の奥様もごいっしょにゴルフに行かれます。(*)
The department manager’s wife will go golfing together with him.
In (*), おくさまand ごいっしょにare used instead ofおくさん and いっしょにin order to be consistent with the respectful verb いかれます.
6. ～まして
You change Vて-form to Vます-form ましてwhen you want to be very polite. In a sentence withけいご, ～ましてis often used for consistency.
ハンスがゆうべ熱を出しまして、けさもまだ下がらないんです。
Hans became feverish last night and still has a fever this morning.
Như vậy, chúng ta đã kết thúc Bài số 49 – Từ vựng tiếng Nhật Minna No Nihongo + Giải thích ngữ pháp
Hãy tiếp tục theo dõi các bài học về từ vựng tiếng Nhật trong sách giáo trình Minna No Nihongo tại đây: Tổng hợp các bài học từ vựng tiếng Nhật theo giáo trình Minna No Nihongo
Bonus: Sách hiện có bán trên các kênh thương mại điện tử như Amazon, Tiki, Lazada, nhà sách Fahasa…
Có nhiều bạn sẽ thắc mắc là tại sao phải học từ vựng từ quyển sách giáo trình Minna No Nihongo? Nếu bạn chưa biết thì mình sẽ nói đơn giản như sau: Đây là giáo trình tiêu chuẩn quốc tế cho bất kì ai học tiếng Nhật Bản, được giảng dạy ở hầu hết các trường đại học trên toàn thế giới.
Cảm ơn bạn đã quan tâm và theo dõi bài học!